8. A Few More turtle Methods and Observations¶

Here are a few more things that you might find useful as you write programs that use turtles.

• Turtle methods can use negative angles or distances. So tess.forward(-100) will move tess backwards, and tess.left(-30) turns her to the right. Additionally, because there are 360 degrees in a circle, turning 30 degrees to the left will leave you facing in the same direction as turning 330 degrees to the right!

  This suggests that we don’t need both a left and a right turn method — we could be minimalists, and just have one method. There is also a backward method. Notice that we can do alex.backward(-100) to move alex forward!

  Part of thinking like a computer scientist is to understand more of the structure and rich relationships in your field. So revisiting a few basic facts about geometry and number lines, like we’ve done here, is a good start if we’re going to play with turtles.

• A turtle’s pen can be picked up or put down. This allows us to move a turtle to a different place without drawing a line. The methods are up and down. Note that the methods penup and pendown do the same thing.

  alex.up()
  alex.forward(100)     # this moves alex, but no line is drawn
  alex.down()
  

• Every turtle can have its own shape. The ones available “out of the box” are arrow, blank, circle, classic, square, triangle, turtle.

  ...
  alex.shape("turtle")
  ...
  

• You can speed up or slow down the turtle’s animation speed. (Animation controls how quickly the turtle turns and moves forward). Speed settings can be set between 1 (slowest) to 10 (fastest). But if you set the speed to 0, it has a special meaning — turn off animation and go as fast as possible.

  alex.speed(10)
  

• A turtle can “stamp” its footprint onto the canvas, and this will remain after the turtle has moved somewhere else. Stamping works even when the pen is up.

Let’s do an example that shows off some of these new features.

import turtle wn = turtle.Screen() wn.bgcolor("lightgreen") tess = turtle.Turtle() tess.color("blue") tess.shape("turtle") print(range(5, 60, 2)) tess.up() # this is new for size in range(5, 60, 2): # start with size = 5 and grow by 2 tess.stamp() # leave an impression on the canvas tess.forward(size) # move tess along tess.right(24) # and turn her wn.exitonclick()

The list of integers shown above is created by printing the range(5,60,2) result. It is only done to show you the distances being used to move the turtle forward. The actual use of the list appears as part of the for loop.

There is one more thing to be careful about. All except one of the turtle shapes you see on the screen here are footprints created by stamp. But the program still only has one turtle instance — can you figure out which shape represents the actual tess object? (Hint: if you’re not sure, write a new line of code after the for loop to change the color of tess, or to put her pen down and draw a line, or to change her shape, etc.)

Mixed up program

        turtle-8-1: The following program uses the stamp method to create a circle of turtle shapes as shown to the left,  but the program lines are mixed up. The program should do all necessary set-up, create the turtle, set the shape to "turtle", and pick up the pen. Then the turtle should repeat the following ten times: go forward 50 pixels, leave a copy of the turtle at the current position, reverse for 50 pixels, and then turn right 36 degrees. After the loop, set the window to close when the user clicks in it.

Drag the blocks of statements from the left column to the right column and put them in the right order with the correct indention. Click on Check Me to see if you are right. You will be told if any of the lines are in the wrong order or are incorrectly indented.import turtle
wn = turtle.Screen()
jose = turtle.Turtle()
jose.shape("turtle")
jose.penup()
---
for size in range(10):
---
  jose.forward(50)
---
  jose.stamp()
---
  jose.forward(-50)
---
  jose.right(36)
---
wn.exitonclick()

Mixed up program

        turtle-8-2: The following program uses the stamp method to create a line of turtle shapes as shown to the left,  but the program lines are mixed up. The program should do all necessary set-up, create the turtle, set the shape to "turtle", and pick up the pen. Then the turtle should repeat the following three times: go forward 50 pixels and leave a copy of the turtle at the current position. After the loop, set the window to close when the user clicks in it.

Drag the blocks of statements from the left column to the right column and put them in the right order with the correct indention. Click on Check Me to see if you are right. You will be told if any of the lines are in the wrong order or are incorrectly indented.import turtle
wn = turtle.Screen()
---
nikea = turtle.Turtle()
---
nikea.shape("turtle")
---
nikea.penup()
---
for size in range(3):
---
  nikea.forward(50)
---
  nikea.stamp()
---
wn.exitonclick()