7. How to Avoid Debugging¶

While debugging is an integral part of the programming life, you can reduce the number of bugs you encounter by working carefully.

1. Start Small This is probably the single biggest piece of advice for programmers at every level. Of course its tempting to sit down and crank out an entire program at once. But when the program does not work then you have myriad options for things that might be wrong. Where to start? Where to look first? How to figure out what went wrong? I’ll get to that in the next section. So when you start work on a large program, it’s best to break it down into smaller steps and then start coding just one really small part of it. Maybe just code two lines and then make sure that runs ok. Hitting the run button is quick and easy, and gives you immediate feedback about whether what you have just done is ok or not. Another immediate benefit of having something small working is that you have something to turn in. Turning in a small, incomplete program, is almost always better than nothing.
2. Keep It Working Once you have a small part of your program working the next step is to figure out something small to add to it. If you keep adding small pieces of the program one at a time, it is much easier to figure out what went wrong, as it is likely that the problem is going to be in the new code you have just added. Less new code means its easier to figure out where the problem is.

This notion of Get something working and keep it working is a mantra that you can repeat throughout your career as a programmer. It’s a great way to avoid the frustrations mentioned above. Think of it this way. Every time you have a little success, your brain releases a tiny bit of chemical that makes you happy. So, you can keep yourself happy and make programming more enjoyable by creating lots of small victories for yourself.

Ok, let’s look at an example. Let’s solve the problem posed in question 3 at the end of the Simple Python Data chapter. Ask the user for the current time (in hours 0 - 23) and for the number of hours to wait. Your program should output what the time will be on the clock when the alarm goes off.

So, where do we start? The problem requires two pieces of input from the user, so let’s start there and make sure we can get the data we need.

current_time = input("what is the current time (in hours)?") wait_time = input("How many hours do you want to wait") print(current_time) print(wait_time)

So far so good. Now let’s take the next step. We need to figure out what the time will be after waiting wait_time number of hours. A good first approximation to that is to simply add wait_time to current_time and print out the result. So lets try that.

current_time = input("What is the current time (in hours 0 - 23)?") wait_time = input("How many hours do you want to wait") print(current_time) print(wait_time) final_time = current_time + wait_time print(final_time)

Hmm, when you run that example you see that something funny has happened.

Which of the following best describes what is wrong with the previous example?
• Python is stupid and does not know how to add properly.
• No, Python is probabaly not broken.
• There is nothing wrong here.
• No, try adding the two numbers together yourself, you will definitely get a different result.
• Python is doing string concatenation, not integer addition.
• Yes! Remember that input returns a string. Now we will need to convert the string to an integer

This error was probably pretty simple to spot, because we printed out the value of final_time and it is easy to see that the numbers were just concatenated together rather than added. So what do we do about the problem? We will need to convert both current_time and wait_time to int. At this stage of your programming development, it can be a good idea to include the type of the variable in the variable name itself. So let’s look at another iteration of the program that does that, and the conversion to integer.

current_time_str = input("What is the current time (in hours 0-23)?") wait_time_str = input("How many hours do you want to wait") current_time_int = int(current_time_str) wait_time_int = int(wait_time_str) final_time_int = current_time_int + wait_time_int print(final_time_int)

Now, thats a lot better, and in fact depending on the hours you chose, it may be exactly right. If you entered 8 for the current time and 5 for the wait time then 13 is correct. But if you entered 17 (5pm) for the hours and 9 for the wait time then the result of 26 is not correct. This illustrates an important aspect of testing, which is that it is important to test your code on a range of inputs. It is especially important to test your code on boundary conditions. In this case you would want to test your program for hours including 0, 23, and some in between. You would want to test your wait times for 0, and for some really large numbers. What about negative numbers? Negative numbers don’t make sense, but since we don’t really have the tools to deal with telling the user when something is wrong we will not worry about that just yet.

So finally we need to account for those numbers that are bigger than 23. For this we will need one final step, using the modulo operator.

current_time_str = input("What is the current time (in hours 0-23)?") wait_time_str = input("How many hours do you want to wait") current_time_int = int(current_time_str) wait_time_int = int(wait_time_str) final_time_int = current_time_int + wait_time_int final_answer = final_time_int % 24 print("The time after waiting is: ", final_answer)

Of course even in this simple progression, there are other ways you could have gone astray. We’ll look at some of those and how you track them down in the next section.