# 10. Using Lists as Parameters¶

Now that we understand more about the difference between copies and references, we can look at how we use lists as parameters to functions, as well as how we return lists. There are two types of functions that take lists as parameters, modifiers and pure functions.

## Modifiers¶

Functions which take lists as arguments and change them during execution are called modifiers and the changes they make are called side effects. Passing a list as an argument actually passes a reference to the list, not a copy of the list. Since lists are mutable, changes made to the elements referenced by the parameter change the same list that the argument is referencing. For example, the function below takes a list as an argument and multiplies each element in the list by 2:

The parameter alist and the variable things are aliases for the same object.

Since the list object is shared by two references, there is only one copy. If a function modifies the elements of a list parameter, the change also occurs in the original.

This can be easily seen in codelens. Note that after the call to double_stuff, the formal parameter alist refers to the same object as the actual parameter things. There is only one copy of the list object itself.

(chp09_parm1_trace)

## Pure Functions¶

On the contrary, a pure function does not produce side effects. It communicates with the calling program only through parameters (which it does not modify) and a return value. Here is the double_stuff function from the previous section written as a pure function. To use the pure function version of double_stuff to modify things, you would assign the return value back to things.

Once again, codelens helps us to see the actual references and objects as they are passed and returned.

(ch09_mod3)

## Which is Better?¶

Anything that can be done with modifiers can also be done with pure functions. In fact, some programming languages only allow pure functions. There is some evidence that programs that use pure functions are faster to develop and less error-prone than programs that use modifiers. Nevertheless, modifiers are convenient at times, and in some cases, functional programs are less efficient.

In general, we recommend that you write pure functions whenever it is reasonable to do so and resort to modifiers only if there is a compelling advantage. This approach might be called a functional programming style.

## Functions that Produce Lists¶

The pure version of double_stuff above made use of an important pattern for your toolbox. Whenever you need to write a function that creates and returns a list, the pattern is usually:

initialize a result variable to be an empty list
loop
create a new element
append it to result
return the result


Let us show another use of this pattern. Assume you already have a function is_prime(x) that can test if x is a prime number (meaning divisible by only itself and 1). Now, write a function to return a list of all prime numbers less than n:

def primes_up_to(n):
""" Return a list of all prime numbers less than n. """
result = []
for i in range(2, n):
if is_prime(i):
result.append(i)
return result